Post by Peter MetcalfeThe language of the Siberian Eskimo belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut
group of the Paleo-Asiatic languages. The Eskimos separated from
the Aleuts at least 2,000--3,000 years ago and spread over a vast
territory stretching from Northeast Asia across North-America to
Greenland.
http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/asiatic_eskimos.shtml
That is really interesting reading! It has a very significantly
different slant on many things than is typically found in
descriptions of Eskimos written in the US or Canada.
However, it also simply left out a few things and there are a
couple of fairly gross errors too.
The Eskimo culture evolved in *Alaska*, not in Asia. We are not
sure exactly when their ancestors came to Alaska, but we know
that they did come from Asia, and that they were *not* what we
would call an Eskimo culture when they arrived. We know that
those ancestors were probably in North East Siberia as far back
as 16,000 years ago, and may have come to Alaska any time from
perhaps 8 to 14 thousand years ago. And we know that by 5000
years ago a full fledged Dorset Eskimo culture had developed in
Alaska.
That culture migrated back into Siberia. It also split at least
twice. The Aleut people broke off perhaps 4000 years ago (note
that is very different than the 2-3,000 mentioned above, but
both linguists and DNA researchers agree on a 4000 years ago
separation). And the Eskimo branch split between Yupik and
Inuit perhaps 2000 or fewer years ago. I'm not really sure when
the migration of Yupik into Siberia took place.
Post by Peter MetcalfeMy understanding is that contact over the Bering strait was possible
due to the Thule cultures which arrived in Alaska circa 500 and
became established in Northern Canada half a millenium later.
There's some technological contact in the northwest
Thule Technology developed in Northwestern Alaska at just about
the same time (but probably not as a single event) that the
Inuit and Yupik cultures and languages became distinct (1500 to
2000 years ago). Thule Technology swept through virtually all
Eskimo cultures, though Dorset Eskimo people continued to exist
in fair numbers for hundreds of years, and only became totally
extinct after the arrival of Europeans in Canada.
Dorset Technology would not have found the Bering Straits
impossible to pass, but Thule Technology (which may have brought
the large Umiaq skin boats to everyone, though some believe that
Dorset people already had them) certainly made it downright
easy.
Post by Peter MetcalfeThe "asiatic eskimos" are sufficiently well-established to be
part of the Inuit circumpolar council.
http://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?Lang=En&ID=1
Unfortunately the Russian section of that is in Cyrillic which
I can't read. The earliest recorded reference according to
the Red Book is in 1649 when the first Russian explorers
reached there.
--Peter Metcalfe
--
Floyd L. Davidson <http://www.apaflo.com/floyd_davidson>
Ukpeagvik (Barrow, Alaska) ***@apaflo.com